Ovarian Cysts: Types, Symptoms, and When to Worry

Ovarian cysts are sacs filled with fluid that develop on or inside a woman’s ovaries. Most often, ovarian cysts are harmless and do not require treatment.

However, some women need to seek medical help so that their reproductive health is not compromised. This guide helps understand the different types and symptoms of ovarian cysts.

Types of Ovarian Cysts

Functional Cysts

These are the most common types of cysts that are formed during the menstrual cycle. When the follicle, containing the egg, does not release the egg properly or closes back up and fills with fluid, functional cysts occur. These are mostly harmless and disappear on their own within a few weeks to months.

Dermoid Cysts

These are also called teratomas. These cysts grow when tissues get collected under the skin. These are usually noncancerous and may contain nerves, hair, or even teeth. Dermoid cysts generally appear at birth. Surgical removal may be required as these cysts may become large and cause pain.

Cystadenomas

These types of cysts grow on the surface of the ovary and are usually filled with mucous or water. These cysts are generally benign but grow large, causing discomfort. Due to their location and size, cystadenomas put pressure on surrounding organs and are considered painful ovarian cysts.

Endometriomas

These types of ovarian cysts are caused by endometriosis and are formed when tissue similar to the uterine lining attaches to the ovary. Endometriomas are considered painful ovarian cysts as they are often associated with painful periods and fertility issues.

Polycystic Ovaries

Women suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) usually have multiple small cysts formed due to hormonal imbalances. Generally, PCOS can cause irregular periods, infertility, and other metabolic complications.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts

Most ovarian cysts are small and cause no noticeable symptoms. However, specific symptoms indicate the presence of ovarian cysts:

• Pelvic pain, especially during or after intercourse
• Abdominal bloating or swelling
• Painful ovarian cyst episodes during menstruation
• Frequent urge to urinate due to pressure on the bladder
• Difficulty emptying the bladder completely
• Irregular menstrual cycles

Sometimes, the cyst ruptures, also called a burst cyst, leading to sudden, severe pain in the pelvic region, causing internal bleeding. This requires immediate medical attention.

When to Worry

While most ovarian cysts are harmless and resolve naturally, if you get sure warning signs like the ones below, you should seek medical advice immediately.

• Sudden and intense pelvic pain
• Pain accompanied by fever or vomiting
• Rapid breathing, dizziness, or weakness (possible internal bleeding due to a burst cyst)
• Persistent or worsening pelvic discomfort
• Irregular menstrual cycles combined with excessive hair growth or weight gain

You will generally be advised to undergo an ultrasound and blood tests to diagnose the ovarian cyst type, based on which the doctor will suggest medication, surgery, or monitoring.

Ovarian cysts are quite common in a woman’s reproductive health journey. Most are harmless, especially functional cysts. Understanding the different types and recognising the symptoms of ovarian cysts keeps you well-informed to know when to seek medical help. If you have cysts in the ovary, you should go for regular gynaecological check-ups.